Dose Animal Farm Will Different When Change Napoleon to Snowball Essay

Power can change a kind personal to selfish person or make a person who is full of conceit become arrogant and greedy. In the animal farm, Napoleon is kind of a person, who is conceited and become greedy when he get all the political power. There is no alive democratic in the farm. But, when we change the chief of the Animal Farm, changing the Napoleon to Snowball, the animalism in the farm will revive. This short easy will analyze why Animal Farm will become better when Snowball has power. In the book, Napoleon is symbol of the dictatorship and Snowball is the symbol of the democratic. Cancel the animal assembly, build a cabinet, change the rule and build an arm to control the animal is what Napoleon did. But Snowball as a clever leader, he focus on the constructive work in the animal farm, building a windmill and set up a democratic policy which is every decision need discuss among the animal. Furthermore, snowball is quicker in speech and more inventive than Napoleon. He is the one who organizes the animals into various committees: the Egg Production Committee for hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows and erc. Snowball also has the wisdom in the battle and has prestige among the animal, success organizing animal to against Mr. Jon and his man. Although Snowball and Napoleon both agree they should drink milk and eat apple and both want to set up an arm, but Snowball not thought everything should be done for himself. When the animal farm has the problems, he tries to solve it and set up an education institution for animals. Moreover, combining with the history, Snowball represents figure of Leon Trotsky who draft the Soviet Union’s economic construction plan. Thus, if Snowball has a power, the society of animal farm would become flourishing.

Mountain Resorts in Malaysia

There are three mountain resorts that are famous as a tourist attraction throughout the Asian region. The thousands of tourists who visit and revisit these three places are proof that these three mountain resorts are fun, addictive and keep you coming back for more. Which three mountain resorts that I am talking about? The three most popular mountain resorts as a tourist attraction in Malaysia are Genting Highland, Cameron Highland and Fraser’s Hill. Genting Highland, the Las Vegas of Malaysia, have three main activities.The first is a wide selection of outdoor and indoor theme parks. The indoor theme park has six theme areas from around the world, each with unique rides. The outdoor theme park features rides suitable for the entire family, such as the double loop Corkscrew for the adults and teenagers and the Flying Jumbo for small children. (pktan, Travel Guide Malaysia, 2007) If you are looking for something else to do, you could gamble at the only legal casinos in Malaysia . There are table games and slot machines for your entertainment. Wikitravel, n. d) Other than that, Arena of Stars in Genting has shows from musical concerts to live shows and sporting events. This fully-roofed amphitheater can make your holiday to be an unforgettable one. (rwgenting. com, n. d) Cameron Highlands is one of the most popular highlands retreat around Malaysia, losing out only to Genting Highlands. There are many different activities that can occupy your time there. Firstly, there are many agriculture farms there, such as tea plantations, strawberry farms and vegetable farms.To savor the delicious fruits, you can pluck the strawberries yourself or just visit the day market at Kea Farm. (Cameron Highlands Online, n. d) There are also honey bee farms and butterfly farms scattered around Cameron. Various honey products and framed preserved butterflies can be bought as a souvenir. (Cameron. com. my, n. d) Thirdly, there is a museum called Time Tunnel Gallery, where the pas t of Cameron Highlands can be seen through photographs.It is full of heartwarming relics from the local descendants from the pre-war days. (Clove Two, 2009) Fraser’s Hill is one of the famous mountain resorts in Malaysia. A few hundred years ago, Scottish James Fraser recruited some guides and hacked his way to the top of the mountains on Titiwangsa range in search of gold and precious metal. He did not find gold but made a home there and opened a tin mine as it is rich in tin deposits. The British authorities build a hill tation there after he disappeared 25 years later and named it Fraser’s Hill. (JourneyMalaysia. com, n. d) Fraser’s Hill is the coolest place in Malaysia. (Kuantan Hotels. com, n. d) The view is spectacular and is a hotspot for naturalists and photographers. As a result, it is a popular tourist attraction and attracts around 60,000 tourists a year, as reported by M. Hamzah Jamaludin from The New Straight Times. Other than visiting Fraserâ€℠¢s Hill for nature, there are also many sport activities that could be enjoyed by the whole family.Nature walk, bird watching, golf, fishing and horse riding are just some of the many activities that could fill your day. (Pahang Tourism, 2011) As the years grow, Fraser’s Hill is slowly growing to be the top tourist attraction in Malaysia. In conclusion, Genting Highland, Cameron Highland and Fraser’s Hill, are all exciting, tourist attraction mountain resorts in Malaysia. These three resorts lure many tourists, local and international, to Malaysia every year, no doubt making them the three most renowned mountain resorts in Asia.

Ego, Id, and Superego Essay

â€Å"The poor ego has a still harder time of it; it has to serve three harsh masters, and it has to do its best to reconcile the claims and demands of all three†¦ The three tyrants are the external world, the superego, and the id.† That quote was said by the physiologist Sigmund Freud. Freud developed a system of classifying individual’s mental life. The system is id, ego, and superego. In the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding, id, ego, and superego are used to deepen the audience’s outlook on the main characters. Ralph represented ego, which could be compared to being human. Jack represented id, which symbolized evil. Finally, Simon represented superego, which can be compared to an angel. Ralph represented ego, which was a self serving person who had flaws. Ralph was self centered because all he cared about was being rescued, â€Å"we want to be rescued; and of course we shall be rescued.† (37). That quote demonstrated Ralph’s focus on being rescued. Ralph tried to obtain order by having the conch, and being a leader to the other boys. Ralph’s human flaws surfaced when he made fun of Piggy, and when he joined Jack in acting out the killing of the pig, eventually killing Simon. â€Å"‘That was Simon.’ ‘You said that before.’ ‘Piggy.’ ‘Uh?’ ‘That was murder.’† (156). That quote showed that Ralph knew what he did was very wrong, and he felt guilty. Ralph’s human qualities became very translucent. Id is best matched up to Jack Merridew because he would seek adventure, and look for personal pleasure. Jack represented evil from the beginning because of the way he took Piggy’s glasses and his cruelty to the little kids by yelling at them. â€Å"He tried to convey the compulsion to track down and kill that was swallowing him up.† (51). That quote demonstrated how Jack had transformed into a savage killer who didn’t care about being rescued. â€Å"The forest near them burst into uproar. Demoniac figures with faces of white and red and green rushed out howling, so that the littluns fled screaming.† (140). That quote showed Jack and his hunters attacking Piggy and Ralph. Jack scared off the ‘littleuns’ which showed he didn’t care about anyone. Jack becomes so savage that he killed Simon in an attempt to act out killing the beast. It was clear Jack that a representation of evil. Simon was a prime example of superego. All Simon did was good, the novel never showed Simon as evil. â€Å"Simon found for them the fruit they could not reach, pulled off the choicest from up in the foliage, passed them back down to the endless outstretched hands.† (56). That quote proved Simon was compassionate to all the kids, even the ‘littleuns’. â€Å"Simon, sitting between the twins and Piggy, wiped his mouth and shoved his piece of meat over the rocks to Piggy.† (74). That quote was another example of kindness shown by Simon. Simon gave his meat to Piggy when the other boys refused to give him any. When Simon was killed by all the other boys, for no reason, he was going to find them to tell them that the beast was not real. That displayed Simon only wanted to do good, he was truly an angelic figure. Sigmund Freud’s system of classifying individual’s metal life was very applicable to the novel Lord of the Flies. Ralph represented human nature in ego because he was focused on his own desire to be rescued. Jack showed he represented evil by showing his meanness and savageness, which all fell into the category of id. Simon strived for good, which made him superego, and he would be represented by an angel. In conclusion, Freud’s system of mental classification is always conflicting, much like Ralph, Jack, and Piggy’s personalities.

LLI Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LLI - Research Paper Example One of my major strengths lies on my ability to innovate. Innovation is a very important skill that an individual must have. This is because an innovative person will have the capability to come up with products and services which can satisfy the needs and requirements of a customer. From the score card, I was able to gather a score of more than number 6 (NCHL, 2010). From the performance evaluation matrix, this indicates that I am competent and very capable when it comes to issues dealing with innovation. My other strength lies on my capability to gather information concerning the various health care needs of customers. Research skills are a very important element that a health care individual must possess. This is because information collected can help an individual to make good decisions that are of benefit to himself, the customer and the organization that he or she works for (Jarvis, 2004). From the performance evaluation matrix, my information gathering skills lies on an average of 7.8 (NCHL, 2010). This proves that ability to gather information is one of my major strengths. A skill that goes hand in hand with information gathering is ability to collaborate with other stakeholders in the health and medical field (Jarvis, 2004). Through collaboration, I am able to acquire knowledge that was not within my possession. I can also use this type of knowledge to advance my career, and improve on the quality of services that I give to my customers. From the lifelong evaluation score card, I managed to garner a score of between numbers 7 to 9 (NCHL, 2010). This score card denotes that I have excellent collaborative skills, and it is one of my strengths. It is within my belief that collaboration does not only entail gathering information, but also sharing of resources for purposes of achieving a common good. In as much as I have these stronger points, I also have numerous weaknesses. I am unable to

Demand Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Demand Management - Research Paper Example This is because with a good demand and supply matching, companies benefit in several aspects of their corporate management including logistics, stocking, manufacturing and even retailing (Lapide, 2006). Because demand and supply trends keeps changing by the day, companies are obliged to have a stronger mechanism that can serve as a yardstick for getting accurate predictions for trends and hence forecasting. Demand Forecasting for Manufacturing Enterprise Manufacturing enterprises have been identified as one outfit that has so much potential when it comes to the appropriate use of demand forecasting to ensure projection of business goals. The most underlying effect or reason behind the meriting use of demand forecasting in manufacturing is the fact that competitive pressures that manufacturers receive often makes it impossible for these manufacturers to wait for demand to emerge before they can behind taking the necessary steps towards meeting these demands (Greene, 2003). In effect, The Material Requirements Planning (MRP) technique of demand forecast has been appropriate for the purpose of "make to stock" strategy rather than "make to order" strategy so as to ensure that they are able to deploy inventories of manufactured products into field locations (Caplice, 2003). Consequently, the situation whereby orders made by customers are delayed becomes a thing of the past in utilizing accurate demand forecasting. There are a number factors and conditions that may make forecasting inappropriate for a manufacturing enterprise. One of these has been identified to be bias in demand forecasting when using independent demand. Caplice (?2003) has explained that bias is a form of inaccuracy in demand forecasting, leading to a situation where forecasting do not become appropriate for manufacturing planning and decision making. Generally, Caplice (2003) believes that â€Å"bias is the persistent tendency of the forecast to err in the same direction, that is, to consistently over-predict or under-predict demand.† The reason this phenomenon makes forecasting inappropriate is that it leads to a situation where there is always a self-centered judgmental approach to manufacturing decisions inside of an evidence based approach to decision making (Lapide, 2006). Consequently, when bias comes, it gives an indication that the demand data has been wrongly used. This is because bias is a representation of total pattern of error instead of the existence of just a series of errors. Making manufacturing decisions would thus mean that there is going to be either excesses or shortages, depending on the trend of bias. Demand Forecasting for Service Provider There are several works of literature that looks into different methods or techniques of forecasting, appropriate and inappropriate for service providers. Generally, the use of subjective approach or technique to forecasting has been explained as a very viable approach of demand forecasting that works best to the interest of service providers. Generally, a subjective approach to forecasting may be explained as one that makes use of qualitative procedures based by the opinions of people to undertake demand forecasting (Taylor, 2006). Ideally, this approach to forecasting is said to be appropriate and suitable for service providers because of the nature of business that these people are involved in. unlike manufacturers who deal with quantities of goods or

Company Analysis - Ipremier Case Study Term Paper

Company Analysis - Ipremier Case Study - Term Paper Example Turley is in a hotel room during the attack, it takes him time to coordinate a team to handle the crisis. The worst is that the team or the employees of the institution do not have proper knowledge of the technical operations of the system or the website hence they have to move all the way to the provider who cannot be reached over the phone at the time. The customers are at stake since their credit cards are in the verge of being stolen at any moment then. Taking into account the short period presented to Bob to handle the crisis as the CIO, we have to commend him for the enormous tasks he had to perform. It is also important to note that one of the obstacles is that the scenario was complicated. The case shows vividly that all the communication line got broken down during the attack prompting stress and panic among all the junior employees (Pendlebury & Groves, 2004). There is no clear division of duties to enhance the operations of the firm effectively and efficiently. Duties and responsibilities have to be assigned during the attack and this is further fueled by the existence of the outdated emergency procedures. We are informed from the case that, Bob during his tenure was to install or renew the system which they had no done up to this far and therefore had to move with speed most so after the occurrence of such vices. Another major problem was with Qdata the computer service provider. The firewall and the infrastructure of the services provided by them were not satisfactory and did not help in blocking or mitigating the attack. Qdata employees did not show enough expertise and experience in dealing with similar situations. The firewall was not able to prevent the attack given the low level of technology that Qdata was still embracing (Axelrod, 2004). Above all, Qdata employees were not willing to help iPremier’s representatives to access the NOC. In addition, this predicted the miscommunication between Ipremier and Qdata was clear in the case give n that an employee had to run all the way to the service provider (Fink, 2006). If I were Turley, amidst the crisis I would have engaged several risk management strategies rushing to protect the data systems using my It knowledge before remaining helpless. Secondly, I would have brought in an expert who was readily accessible to help in blocking any form of transactions from the site at least until normalcy returned before I informed the CEO of the technicalities just for a point of information. An urgent meeting of all the employees would then be called immediately to ponder on the way forward from the integration of the views of all the parties (Austine, Leibrock, & Murray, 2007). 2. The Ipremier Company CEO, Jack Samuelson, had already expressed to Bob Turley his concern that the company might eventually suffer from a "deficit in operating procedures." Were the company's operating procedures deficient in responding to this attack? What additional procedures might have been in pla ce to better handle the attack? As earlier pointed out by the CEO of Ipremier, Jack Samuelson of the existence of the operation procedures, actually, there exist several of the deficiencies in terms of the response given to this attack. The deficiencies are in form of the risk response and recovery systems concerning the business that the business is engaged and how they are running the business. First, the firewall of the system does not have a backup system given the low

State-Sponsored Terrorism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

State-Sponsored Terrorism - Term Paper Example The Second World War, just as the name suggests was a war that had resulted from numerous diplomatic rows among the government. During the wars, different countries including the United States had committed numerous war crimes in different antagonizing countries. However, in wars governments strive to protect civilians as they engage in military warfare. The United States, for example, led the western allies in the war animating their enemies while protecting her civilians (Elle man, 2006). The country had for example carried out an extensive bombing of different parts of Japan among other countries forming the eastern bloc. At the end of the war, the countries abandoned the animosities thereby concentrating on rebuilding their economies. This implies that after the war, the countries including the United States abandoned the animosity and began rebuilding. The rounding of a particular group as was the case in the United States thus amounted to an act of terror and was not part of th e war. Among the features of the internment of Japanese that succeeded in quantifying the process as an act of terror included the magnitude of the swoop. As explained earlier, terrorists use the civilians to pass messages to governments. The success of a terrorist activity relies on the number of casualties in such attacks (Robinson, 2001). The American military rounded up more than one hundred and fifty thousand Japanese in the country with the American government hoping to use such in making Japan recognize her might. The American government thus portrayed disregard to human rights as they interred the Japanese arbitrarily thereby denying them some of the basic rights and freedoms of humanity. Such factors that quantify the interment process as a state-sponsored acts of terror. The American government sponsored the entire swoop as the country used its military among other resources to concentration camps for the Japanese.

Mera.Net Cafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mera.Net Cafe - Essay Example The large initial capital investment will allow Mera.Net to provide its customers with a full featured Internet cafe. A unique, upscale, and innovative environment is required to provide the customers with an atmosphere that will spawn socialization. Mera.Net, soon to be located near at Sacred Heart College on 10th of March, will offer the community easy and affordable access to the Internet. Mera.Net will provide full access to email, WWW, FTP, Usenet and other Internet applications. Mera.Net will appeal to individuals of all ages and backgrounds. The instructional Internet classes, and the helpful staff that MeraNet provides, will appeal to the audience that does not associate themselves with the computer age. This educational aspect will attract younger and elderly members of the community who are rapidly gaining interest in the unique resources that online communications have to offer. Mera.Net's customers can be divided into two groups. The first group is familiar with the Internet and desires a progressive and inviting atmosphere where they can get out of their offices or bedrooms. The second group is not familiar with the Internet, yet, and is just waiting for the right opportunity to enter the online community. Mera.Net's target market falls anywhere between the ages of 18 and 50. This extremely wide range of ages is due to the fact that the Internet appeal to a variety of people. In addition to these two broad categories, Mera.Net's target market can be divided into more specific market segments. The majority of these individuals are students and business people.Potential Customers University Students Office Workers Seniors Teenagers IV. Required Capital 4.1 Start-up Summary Mera.Net's start-up costs of P200,000 that will cover for site renovation and modification and the communications equipment necessary to get its customers online. The communications equipment necessary to provide Mera.Net's customers with a high-speed connection to the Internet and the services it has to offer make up a large portion of the start-up costs. These costs will include the computer terminals and all costs associated with their set-up. Costs will also be designated for the purchase of two laser printers and a scanner. V. Equipments and Facilities List of Startup Equipments and facilities. Cost at least P200,000 of capital. 10 computer set P150 000 1 aircon

Critique of a Political Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critique of a Political Speech - Essay Example For the first appeal, or Ethos, it is usually utilized for the description of the speaker’s credibility or authority in the subject he is talking on. It presents the questions, what authority does the speaker to talk on the topic or â€Å"is the speaker knowledgeable enough?† Ethos also pertains to the charisma of the speaker, on whether he has captured or garnered the respect of his audience for them to listen to what he has to convey. In the speech of Obama, it is clear that the element or appeal of Ethos is present. Since it is Obama’s inaugural speech as the 44th President of the United States, he obviously has the authority, charisma, and trust of the audience. In his speech, he reminds the audience of his inauguration as the 44th President of the United States, offers his thanks and gratefulness for his victory and at the same time, and recognizes the enormous responsibility he is to undertake from his predecessors. Typical to many political speeches, ethos is established during the introduction where a speaker attempts to garner the trust and confidence of his audience. He posits in the initial paragraphs of his Inaugural speech, â€Å"Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.† What can be appreciated from Obama’s speech with regard to ethos would be that Obama presented his authority and charisma in a very humble manner. He did not appear to boast that he is now the latest President of the United States, but instead conveyed an aura of humility. He begins by saying, â€Å"My fellow citizens†, where he at tempts to present himself as another ordinary American citizen, and he again mentions, â€Å"I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.† Obama even sought to praise the achievements of then-President George W. Bush, which would have to a certain extent, healed wounded political scars in the recent elections. He stated, â€Å"I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.† For the second appeal, Logos, it is the employment of reason and logic to persuade the audience. Through the use of facts, statistics, and researches as evidence, the speaker convinces the audience of the truth and validity of his claim. As expected of a prominent lawyer, a former Senator, and the new President of the United States, Obama is well-informed, well-researched, and well-versed with political developments . In his speech, Obama presents the current problems of the United States. He states in paragraph 4, â€Å"That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our

Workers with disabilities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Workers with disabilities - Research Paper Example The legislations aim to ensure that both the public and the private organizations accommodate the eligible and qualified disabled individuals in their system. The workers suffering from disabilities can perform well if provided with opportunities and appropriate accommodations by their employing organizations. However, there are instances of biasness and discrimination against such individuals on the basis of their disabilities. Thus, regardless of the vast economic development throughout the world and the enormous progress made in the field of anti-discrimination against individuals on the basis of their race, nationality, gender, color as well as disabilities, the workers with disabilities continue to face workplace or employment discrimination till date. The study attempts to analyze the current situation and legal precedence prevalent regarding the prevention of workplace discrimination on the base of disabilities. For this purpose, the study discusses the Federal Laws in practic e to prohibit such kind of discriminations amongst the individuals. The study also discusses the role played by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in providing a fair environment to all individuals irrespective of their disabilities. The role of the EEOC on instances of alleged discrimination by the employees has also been discussed. The study confers about the history of the formation of the prevalent federal regulations against disability discrimination. The study is significant because in spite of the numerous regulations implemented by the Government of US and enormous effort made by the Government, there is still large number of discrimination cases visible. Therefore, the study is significant to understand the past context and the present scenario of workplace discrimination against the disabled population. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 5 Workers with Disabilities Continue To Face Workplace/Employment Discrimination 6 History of the Anti-Di sability Discrimination Movement 8 Current Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination against the Disabled Workers 11 Conclusion 13 References 15 Introduction Disability is a very wide concept and hence there are various perceptions and definitions of disability. The Oxford dictionary defines disability as a â€Å"physical incapacity that is either congenital or caused by injury or disease limiting an individual’s ability to work† (Mathaphuna, 2007). The Americans with Disability Act defines disability as â€Å"a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of an individual, a record of such an impairment and being regarded as having such an impairment† (The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011). The disabled people all over the world generally face a lot of discrimination in their workplace, though they are otherwise competent in their work. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), wh ich was formed in 1965 under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, imposed laws prohibiting the discrimination by the employers amongst their employees on the basis of race, religion, nationality, color, gender, age or disability. The EEOC had enforced regulations against any kind of discrimination in hiring, promotion, dismissal, salary and all the other relevant terms as well as conditions of employment. The government of United States realized the significance of guarding the interests of the disabled people and checking unjust treatment of the disabled employees. The American with Disability Act (ADA) was hence passed in 1990, to minimize the workplace discrimination against the disabled workers. The Act banned discrimination ag

Differentiating Between Services and Goods Marketing Essay

Differentiating Between Services and Goods Marketing - Essay Example tics of services, to wit: (1) intangible, (2) inseparability in terms of delivery and consumption, (3) heterogeneous in kind, and (4) perishable as it cannot be saved, stored, or returned. Having delineated services, goods naturally are services’ antithesis, meaning, they are tangible, are distinctly separate in kind, and can be stored, saved, and returned as needed. The intangibility of services simply describes their quality of not being able to touch and thus cannot be evaluated in terms of its physical availability prior to purchase. Services are inseparable that the organization offering it needs the assistance of a customer representative as contact to provide explanation and detailed information on the offered service. Likewise, the characteristic of inseparability takes into account its inability to cater to the specific needs of the customer. Services are also considered heterogeneous in kind since they are highly variable with dissimilar parts or elements. Finally, the perishability characteristic of services implies that they can not be stored, saved, or returned. The fast pace of technological developments in the last century drastically influenced diverse facets of customer service. With the predominance of business organizations using the internet, more organizations have resorted to a mobile workforce where customers’ needs are being serviced by electronic means. As technological improvements continue, more service features are offered through the internet, through virtual teams, teleconferencing, and the like. The benefits of technology are: unlimited time to access service providers regardless of location of the customers, queuing time is eliminated, more secure in terms of doing business at the convenience of one’s home. On the other hand, technology has totally eradicated the concept of direct reciprocity in soliciting immediate response to inquiries and transactions. Also the element of differences in time across the globe could delay

Iconographic Representation Of Jesus Christ Essay Example for Free

Iconographic Representation Of Jesus Christ Essay Jesus Christ, by Christian tradition is known as the lamb of God or the sacrificial lamb, so he is symbolized by a very young lamb seated on a nest of thorns. Other than this Christ is also known as ‘the fisher of men’ which relates to the biblical story of how He was able to gather people into His flock so that they would submit to His teachings; so the ancient symbol for Christ is a simple illustration of the fish as shown in the collage. Other than this, this representation also has something to do with Christ’s words to Peter, when He said, â€Å"Come with me and I will make you fishers of men. This is also the reason why the Pope wears a ring known as ‘the fisherman’s ring† so symbolize his being the Vicar of Christ on earth. Another symbol which represent’s Christ is bread, because he also said during his lifetime, â€Å"I am the Bread of Life, whosoever partakes in my banquet shall have eternal life. †; Christ is also represented by fire, light or a flame because of his pronouncement that He â€Å"is the Way, the Truth, and the Light. †   Another symbol used in the collage is the chi-rho symbol which was an ancient way of writing the name Jesus Christ.

Marketing Process Of BMW

Marketing Process Of BMW BMW cluster, headquartered in Munich, Germany, is one of the mainly victorious multi kind finest motor manufacturers in the globe. BMW is a German motor; motorbike and appliance manufacturers founded in 1916 and have been widely trade since 1969. The companys slogan in English is The Ultimate Driving Machine and Sheer Driving Pleasure. The original German slogan is fraud am Fahren, which translates to joy in Driving in English. The corporation produce, and market, a pied choice of senior end active cars and motorcycles. It is also own and make the tiny product and is the parent business of Roll-Royce vehicle Cars. BMW is known for its performance and luxury vehicles. BMW has a global presence with group subsidiaries in 41 countries and over 3000 dealerships and local importers in over 100 countries. BMW is a progressive company with salad of 1.2 million automobile and 101,000 motorbikes in 2008 generating revenue of 53.2 billion euros. It has a combined global workforce of 100,000 em ployees. In addition to cars and motorcycle, BMW operates an aircraft engine division under the brand name of Rolls Royce. The BMW group also has a strong market position in the motorcycle sector and operates successfully in the area of financial services. The Company operates its own financing company, which offers financing for vehicles. Automobiles accounted for 78% of 2000 revenues; vehicle finance leasing, 18%; motorcycles, 3% and other, 1%. UK is the third major souk and second main making base for the BMW group universal, and the only state where BMW groups three brands BMW, TINY and Roll-Royce vehicle Cars are represent. Chapter 1. 1.1: What is marketing? Marketing is a communal course by which person and group acquire what they want and want during creating, offering, and liberally exchanging goods and services of worth with former. (Kotler, 1991) 1.2: Marketing concept. The marketing concepts of BMW are as follow. Marketing focuses on the satisfaction of customer needs, wants and requirement. The philosophy of marketing needs to be owned by everyone from within the organisation. Future needs have to be identified and anticipated. There is normally a focus up on profit ability, especially in the corporate sector. However, as public sector organisations and not-for-profit organisations adopt the concept of marketing, this need not always be the case More recent definitions recognize the influence of marketing upon society. 1.3: Marketing process of BMW Marketing process of BMW are as trail. The marketing course aim to distribute enlarged success in company through better marketing tactic and marketing plan increase. A better marketing progression provide a number of benefits, with more free time, higher visibility, stronger worker skills sets, easier management, reduced duplication of effort, and increased individual and team rewards, and overall, less headaches. This process in turn creates a marketing organisation thats more reliable, more responsible, with budget. Under the marketing concept, BMW company find a way to discover unfulfilled customer needs and bring to market product that satisfy those needs. A model can be created to design the process using a targeted sequence of steps: The customer and market is analysed to identify opportunities. The market strategy is formulated to yield a value position. Tactical decisions regarding marketing strategy are made The marketing plan is implemented and the result is carefully monitored. 1.4 Benefits of marketing. The benefit of marketing is that it enables company to exploit their budding and achieve the punter at the correct time. A right loom to promotion involve sympathetic the client and their require identify the genuine wants of the souk. It is forever vital to appreciate bazaar wants, quite than to effort to power persons to purchase yours goods and services because you reflect they are enhanced than something else accessible. If the purchaser doesnt think you, you will not vend to them. It is as simple as that. A good advertising approach is base on the spot on level of explore in to a markets path and its key company. They have to spot precisely where your commerce strength fit into its souk, and how it will thrive inside it. Chapter 2. 2.1: SWOT analysis of BMW Anlnternal and corporate analysis in terms of strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) will assist in gaining an understanding of where BMW is currently in term of strength and where improvement is required with in the business and what outside environment threats it may face as well as what new opportunities are available to the company in the short and medium term. STRENGTH WEAKNESSES Diverse ranges of products- BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce Strong cash flow position Increase turnover and trading profits Strong Balance Sheet Worlds leading Premium Quality Automobile Manufacturer Brand Awareness Human resources Capabilities to turn resources into advantages Perception of high prices Customer disinterest Environmental issues, pollutions Buyer sophistication and knowledge Substitute products or technologies OPPORTUNITIES THREATS New products Market shift to globalisation Innovation Alliances Customers demand change to more comfortable and relevantly cheap cars New Technologies in Automobiles New exiting competition Volatility in Price of Fuel New legislations Consequences of the oil crisis September 11th Economic recession Market shift to globalisation Takeover bids Far-East Automobile companies expansion Extremely high competition for customers and resources 2.3. Macro environment. The major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organisation decision making and affect its performance and strategies. These factors are as follow 2.3.1 Political factors Laws and regulations had affected the automobile industry as a whole. These laws generally revolved around the environment norms that were to be fulfilled by any car industry. Thus the car manufacturers had to take care of the environmental issues during manufacturing of cars. European Commission proposed binding rules to cut CO2 emission on new cars to 130 gms/km Example According to my research 2005 BMW achieved only 40% of their emission target but today BMW groups with its efficient dynamics programme achieved a reduction of average fuel consumption and CO2 rating by 10.2% and has made a greatest progress in terms of efficiency of all car makers in the European automobile market in the year 2008. Extracting maximum driving pleasure from every drop of fuel; is the aim of BMW Efficient dynamics. 2.3.2 Economic Factors. Economic factors relate to the exchange rates, economic growth globally and the business setting prevailing in the industry. Following are the economic factors which has affected the automobile industry. Economic Downturn. Increase in the cost of oil Example Rapid increase in the fuel prices is affecting the demand and the buying power of customer. According to BBC News which crude oil prices at 22 year high, motorists are paying out up to  £1 a litre at the pumps. Moreover according to Automobile Association research showed that in June 2008, litre of unleaded petrol had achieved an average national price of 118.2 pence per litre, while diesel cost 131.6 pence per litre. He also claimed that the annual coast to the motorist of keeping a car worth between  £13,000 and  £20,000 on the road now stood at  £4,112. The impact of this price hike on the drivers of the UK is 28 million cars are clear and it shows how the increase in oil price is affecting the car industry as a whole. In order to cope up with the present situation and existing demand for more fuel cars, BMW efficient dynamic programme which aims at reducing consumption is proved to be successful. 2.3.3 Social environment factors. Social factors include the changes in cultures and demographics globally a part from change in the buying pattern and capacity of the customer. Increasing population also has an effect on the car industry. Example. According to the Mintel data, UK population will reach 64 million people by 2013. The strongest growth will be witnessed among the age group 25-34, 45-54 and over 65 age groups. Out of these two age brackets, the 25-34 age groups will be a potential key age group for the used car market where the highest proportion of demand is accounted for by younger adults. The age group 45-54 is a key age group for new and used car demand. Moreover during recession consumers spending priorities also changes and they are doing cost cutting on many areas of their expenditure. But the purchase of a new or second hand car has been one of the few areas to show an increase as a spending priority in 2009. This may increase the demand for the cars in the near future and car industry including BMW will again get a positive response from the existing and new customers. 2.3.4 Technical environment Factors. With every spin of time technology is also changing which also reflects the consumers buying patterns. Nowadays, people are more concerned with the new and latest technology. In order to cope up with the current demands, BMW efficient dynamic technology tries to stay one step ahead. BMW has launched an I Drive in its all new cars. BMW is also spending a huge amount of money on its research and development department in order to innovate latest techniques like BMW car 2-x communication in their AMULETT project with the aim of improving pedestrian safety and thus creating a more competitive image in the car market. 2.3.5 Legal Environment Factors. Restrictions and strict pollution norms set up in European market and health and safety rules on all cars by (EURO NCAP) is affecting the whole motor industry. The European New Car Assessment Programmed (Euro NCAP) is a European car safety, performance assessment programmed. Euro NCAP publishes safety reports on new cars, and award star ratings based on the performance of the vehicles in a variety of crash tests, including front, side and pole impact, and impact with pedestrians. The entire car manufacturing companies including BMW has to abide by these legal rules and regulations. 2.3.6 Environment Factors. With the increasing effect of awareness of global warming and greenhouse effect, people are more diverted towards the use of more eco-friendly cars, hybrid and fuel cars. With the change in consumer taste and preferences the automotive industry has to be more focussed on the changing demand and patterns of the consumers. In order to cope up with the changing behaviour of the consumer, BMW is working on managing resources efficiently and eliminating or recycling all forms of waste wherever possible and thus moving to the hybrid cars. BMW group was the first car manufacturer in the world to create a vehicle Recycling Network. Chapter 3 Q.3: How does your chosen organisation pursue Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning activities? Propose new suggestions based on your findings. BMW had worn three ladders to targeting which is advertising segmentation, target option, creation position. BMW use segmentation to spot exact trade description. To find additional information BMW at Geographic segmentation. Demographic behavioural Socioeconomic Beneficial characteristics of society Geographical segmention Geographically, the major market BMW where they are action more than 65% of auction are Europe North America and these district are both greatly industrialised locations which grades into tenant are monetarily position to procure high souk cars as they funds returns is added. Demographics behavioural, The demographics of those who are bright to purchase a BMW are men and women aged 30-50 lifetime old. Behaviourally these folks have a winning picture in their brain facing trade cars. They also estimated to wish a faultless current look or activity look, and the sense fine factors of a recognized trader system. The benefits are required by these folks are dominance, act, dependability excellence. BMW gases manages realize over the year is to site its self is on the regulars mind is power. Routine, scientifically complex, value saloon manufacturer. The bazaar where BMW is location them is greatly bloodthirsty motivation being for the aggressive is the number of other vehicle manufacturer that construct cars of a parallel excellence, cost, and picture. The main manufacturer that BMW struggle with are as discussed before to name a few are Mercedes, jaguar, Audi, Ford, Range Rover, Porsche, and etc. most of these are azure hew manufacture use differentiate strategy to create that each of these company relies on dissimilar make imagery to retail their cars. Example jaguar is seen as a luxury, dependable and excellence manufacturer that BMW does except on the other give Alfa Romeo is famous for being fashionable and presentation type but untrustworthy car as per the investigate. The position of these company and their brand has been build up over numerous lifetime but BMW has dazed their blot winning the community in an optimistic way with the help of superior community relative and pioneering publicity agitation. This has led to rolling sales expansion throughout the global car market. When we converse about Product Gratitude BMW is a directly known product forename that has a standing pro its old age habit of excellence. Also many of us see its symbol from a manufacturer; this brand appreciation allows BMW to readdress its wealth from pricey publicity campaign in a greatly bloodthirsty souk. The marketplace in which BMW operate has person seen as superior and reliable regulars. Chapter 4, Q.4: how does the extended marketing mix apply to yours chosen organisation? Analysis and give example? The Marketing Mix. Marketing mix is the combination of marketing activities that an organisation engages in so as to best meet the needs of its targeted market. Traditionarly the market mix consisted of 7Ps. Marketing mix can be put under seven headings, often referred to as the seven Ps:, Products Promotion Price Place Physical evidence Public purchase Product. The generally central constituent in the selling is the companys produce because this affords the positive desires required by patrons. For example a car that does not start in the Moring will be like by clients. Marketing manager expand their creation into brand that assist to make a single place in the brain of clients. The current models are: BMW 3 Series Sedan, vehicle, adaptable, Touring, dense. BMW 5 Series Sedan, Touring BMW 6 Series vehicle, adaptable BMW 7 Series Sedan BMW Z4 Roadster BMW X3 SUV BMW X5 SUV BMW M adaptable, vehicle Each creation goes during what is known as a life cycle procedure. When explore what combine is best matched to the creation. We need to deem where in the life cycle sightsee goods lie which is revealed in the below shape and then depending choose if there is want to make transform in the produce and re-launch. Example BMW X5 launched at 2000 and then corporation lunched the senior or new description of X5 in 2006, for 3 series its 7 years lifecycle and for 7 years only for the 1st model lifecycle of three merchandise. These are the 3, 5 and 7 Series Saloons. This PLC scheme not only helps to ensure more steady profits, but also allow for the growth of substitute produce on a steady base. BMW has also been growing its selection of late and this can be seen by the company of some new product launch in the last few years. The above goods are all moderately established. Many of them have been creature affected for many years now with some redesigns and re-launches. 2) Price. BMW cost variety is from about  £16,000 to  £60,000 minus. There are many factor that can influence their car price such as mechanism size, vehicle activity account etc. Example Price such as mechanism dimension has been used by BMW for the 3- series is opposition leaning price. Most of the investigate show that all other competitor such as VW, Audi, and Alfa Romeo etc. in the 3 Series manufacture price sore not so vital and create the main revenue is not as required as it would be for a lesser business. 3 SERIES PRICE Sedan Price from:  £21,035 Couple Price from  £25,955 Convertible Price from  £30,915 Touring Price from  £22,215 3) Placement. BMW use better market dealership and significant for non merchant network countries they have four car developed vegetation in the UK. There are additional than 156 dealers in the UK who are franchise to retail BMW cars, moreover 148 dealers are franchised to sell Minis. Universal BMW work in more than 100 dissimilar countries with about 4,000 plus dealers which are authorised to retail both new and second-hand cars, parts and after sales service goods. Pattern of allocation for BMW is shown below in the drawing which followed by the business Producer >>>>>Dealers>>>>>>Customers 4) Promotion. BMW has forever focused completely on their cars with same promotion business, WCRS being the worn since 1979. A broad variety of publicity is used by this organization such as TV for branding campaign and new carriage launches, the press with sensationalist weekend dye addition, regional publication and magazines, outside campaign, sales fiction, fliers etc. publicity Campaigns/Slogans used by the corporation in the past. Example According to my research in 1983, 1994, 1997 and 1999 when James bond use in every movies BMW car, James Bond movie The Catcher The four CS: Customer solution: BMW strives hard to find out what their customer need are and works hard to wards fulfilling them. They believe that it is important to satisfy customer needs to keep customers happy and satisfied. customer cost BMW also realizes that all the costs taken to design their cars are also to be included in the cost of the car. They have retailers selling their cars in different regions/countries at different prices based on the acceptable customer cost for that region. Convenience. BMW does not have online purchase system but due to the high price of their products but they have online drive test appointment system for the 7 series using which doesnt need to go to the store to test drive car, hence making it more convenient. Communication. BMW has 24hours hotline number to help in communication with the company exclusively for certain model customers. They have a website for online communication. They believe in listening to customers when they are with you. Chapter 5, Q.5: Identify different types of buyer behaviours and how they apply to your chosen organisation? Customer trade performance is the production of how person or domestic customers behave or the choice creation on business any merchandise or services. Customer trade activities is a significant part of promotion, which studies the reason of why, when where, what and how the customers are behave on their trade decision. customer purchaser actions depends on dissimilar types of marketing (product place, price, promotion, physical evidence, public, purchase) and other stimulus ( Economic, Technological, Political and Cultural) these factors in fluencies the customer black box to make response for creation choice about selecting goods, brand option, price etc. Cultural, social, individual and mental these four factors have great power on customer buyer performance. Person wants, insight, values, performance erudite from culture, relations other institution. Social factor consists of a persons orientation collection relations, friends organisations. Private factor is incorporated age of lifecycle, financial circumstances, vocation, qualities and other individual kind power buyer choice course. Different mental factors like inspiration, perception, attitude, conviction have pressure on customer export conclusion. Our decision and attitude are also a product of our attitude. An individual might have a positive experience. Example. Driving with friend A- class which in turns affects attitude towards BMW Mercedes and change behaviour in purchasing an automobile. Attitude is not constant and change over time since they are result they are experience. A car crash might change the attitude towards the brand and one might decide to exclude BMW Mercedes as an option buying a car. Chapter 6, Q.6: How does the extended marketing mix apply to different marketing segments? Compare consumer vs. business markets, and International vs. domestic markets. Consumer market Consumer markets deal with final customer. Each customer buys the product for their direct scarification and has no other intended use for it Example The market for magazine is consumer market- the customer doesnt resell the magazine and buys it for their own enjoyment. Business market Business market is an online marketplace that matches business buyers with franchisors and business opportunities Consumer and Business market CONSUMER BUSINESS Each client has identical worth and represent a small % of proceeds There are a minute figure of big clientele that description for a large % of proceeds Sales are completed distantly, the producer doesnt assemble the client Sales are completed myself, the producer gets to know the purchaser Goods are the equal for all clients. The service ingredient is low Goods are adapted for unlike clients. Service is very valued purchase are made for private use picture is imperative for its own sake Purchases are completed for others to use icon is imperative where it adds value to clientele The buy occasion is not theme to loving and arbitration The acquire occasion is conduct capably and includes tender and arbitration The swap is one of deal. There is no long time view (monetary services vary) The switch is habitually one of tactical aim. There is the latent for long term worth The buyer is usually the consumer The buyer is usually an integrator some down the provide series the consumer 6.1: Table, Consumer and Business market. Domestic market and international market. Domestic market The market for goods and services in the country where the company is based. International market International marketing is the application of marketing orientation and marketing capabilities to international.( muhlbacher, Helmuth, Dahringer 2006) DOMESTIC MARKET INTERNATIONAL MARKET Domestic marketing is the manufacture, backing, sharing and sales of goods and services in a local market International market is the production, promotion, sharing, and auction of merchandise and services in a global market. Domestic marketing is less dangerous and easier to conduct International marketing is more dangerous and more multifaceted Domestic marketing requires lesser fiscal assets International marketing requires huge economic assets Domestic marketing deals with only a single market International marketing deal with several different countries markets. Domestic market deal only with the laws and system of one country International marketing is more difficult and requires more pledge form the business because of the ambiguity and different in laws and system in the global market. Domestic marketing deals only with one set of consumers International marketing deals with different types of consumers with different rates and tastes Domestic marketing, the business can have the same policies and strategies International marketing requires different strategies in the encouragement of their products 6.2: Table, International market and Domestic market Conclusion. It has taken a lot of referencing and researching for me to write this report and I have learnt a lot from this report, I started off with very little knowledge about this topic and worked my way through the assignment and I would conclude that BMW is a very powerful name in the automobile industry due to its reputation of providing high quality products and services. BMW and person actor has yearly shown burly monetary results and has reserved its market shares. This become of curiosity to study more greatly, in direct to find the factor last a unbeaten concern and burly product. Scrutiny the progress of BMW through the past five years. Not only are the monetary account taken into reflection that BMW is the most flourishing vehicle producer in top sector. BMW is a well known and greatly cherished brand and has high miscellany in the merchandise range. BMW possesses high inner aptitude and the corporation develop a big part of the car by themselves. The rising market in South East As ia, Russia Eastern Europe and South America has shown obvious swelling growth. Produce, transport and raw fabric outlay have both dampened margins and affected the export power of customers like as lofty oil price.

Racism in American History X Essay -- essays research papers fc

American History X is clearly a film dealing with racism. The interesting thing about this film is the way in which the subject is treated. First of all, it is obvious that, though racism is always a difficult subject to deal with, American History X presents it without any reservations or dumming down. Second, the film's figurehead for racism, Derek Vinyard (Edward Norton), is not an unintelligent redneck racist as films often portray them, but is in fact well-spoken, charismatic and intelligent, although he clearly holds ideals that are terribly wrong. Finally, the film shows that it is not just the white, neo-nazi racists who are fools to be involved in this, but all racism is foolish. Through these methods, the film shows the viewer, extremely convincingly, that hatred and racism will destroy a person and those around him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is immediately revealed to the audience at the outset of this movie that there will be no holds barred and no playing down the realism of this intense racial hatred. When the film flashes back to the reason for Derek’s incarceration, we see Danny wake up his brother to tell him that some black guys are trying to steal or wreck his truck, and Derek immediately jumps out of bed, grabs a gun, and shoots one of them, wounds another and fires at the third as he drives away. Then, in one of the most brutal scenes in film history, Derek forces the remaining, wounded man to put his face on the curb and Derek kicks the back of...

Is Print Media Dead? Essay -- essays research papers

Print media and journalism in general has a bright future in the upcoming decade. I do believe that it is shifting, and we may have to redefine journalism. Journalism has always defined newspapers, magazines, and the printed word. Broadcast journalists also earn that distinction but to a lesser degree because of the medium they work in. I do think that the printed works of journalists are here to stay for a long time. The area that I see changing is where the words are going to be printed. Words are they going to be on paper or on electronic screens? I have always liked newspapers. They can be taken anywhere by anyone. They can also be folded into paper airplanes and thrown around classrooms. The final resting-place of many newspapers is the bathroom. I know that in my house that is where the front page and sports section is. This particular journalism class likes newspapers. I walk in and see many of my classmates reading one everyday. The technology for the extinction of newspapers has been around for fifty years. Fifty years has passed and still newspapers and magazines hold a dominant place in the culture of every race on earth. What makes them so attractive? The information they contain is the main attraction. A poor family in Italy can find out how their favorite soccer team did against the English. A starving Ethiopian can find out when the next shipment of humanitarian aid is coming to his village. We Americans can find out if McDonalds is coming out with a new combo...

Essay --

The meaning of contingency theory is one thing depends on other things. An effectiveness of a leader must be well fix between its style and behavior and the condition of the situation. A leadership style work in one situation might not necessary work in other situation. In contingency theory, leadership style describe as task-oriented or relationship-oriented. A relationship-oriented leader established respect, mutual trust and listen to employees needs. A task-oriented leader is motivated by task accomplishment. Next, task-oriented provide clear directions and set performance standards. The theory provides effectively matching the leader and situation. The most important elements to contingencies are the situation and followers. In contingency approach it’s surrounding with leader, followers and situation. The three main factors of contingency approach are leader member relations, position power and task structure. Task, structure, context, and environment are important to leadership style. Fiedler’s contingency model, situational theory, path-goal theory and Vroom-Jago contingency model developed the contingency model by Fiedler and his associates. The Fiedler’s contingency model was design to diagnose leadership style and situation in organization. The principle of this model is In Fiedler’s contingency model styles is task-oriented or relationship-oriented. To measure leader styles, Fielder’s developed the Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scale. When leaders who score high on this scale, which are relationship oriented and those who score low on this scale are describe as task oriented. A task-oriented leader builds respect, mutual trust and listens to employee’s needs. A relationship-ori... ...riented leadership and participative leadership (House & Mitchell, 1974, p. 83). Path goal theory attempts to combine the motivation principles become a theory of leadership. This makes path-goal theory unique because no other leadership approaches deal with this way. The other strength of path goal theory that is leaders clarifies the paths to the goals and helps remove any difficulties for the subordinates. The disadvantage that is path goal theory has not examined the basic motivational assumptions of the theory. Next, most leadership scholars agree that path-goal theory has not been adequately tested (Thomas, P. D. G. 1971). Path goal does not describe how a leader could use different styles to help subordinates feel assured of success. For example, path-goal theory does not explain how directive leadership increase subordinate motivation during ambiguous task.

Review of Kala Ghoda Essay

Kala Ghoda Arts Festival has begun from 2nd February and will run till 10th February 2013. The Festival enters into 14th year in 2013; its popularity is growing from over the years. It is a great festival held in the city of Mumbai every year with great vibrancy, excitement, drama and colors of cultures are experienced. This festival welcomes people from all over the country and from abroad. The festival includes street stalls, theatre, heritage walks, dance, music, films, literature, workshops for adults and children, visual arts, and much more. It is a nine day festival which refreshes everyone’s minds and inspires them for future. . Kala Ghoda used waste material keeping in their mind environmental issues. The music and dance events at the annual Kala Ghoda Arts festival was shifted from Kala Ghoda to Cross Maidan, after organisers agreed to not use loudspeakers in the silence zone. Silence zones are areas that are within 100 metres of courts, educational institutions, reli gious places and hospitals. The first thing you notice when you enter is the huge camera with few posters of Bollywood celebrities; a tribute to 100 years of Hindi Cinema. There is also an ode to Bollywood with an installation called ‘Cinemachi’. â€Å" Kapala’s Totems â€Å" exists to evoke awarenessof the danger of electronic waste – discarded electronic ,lech lead and other heavy metals. Where the â€Å"Plastic Rain â€Å" the pitter patter of rain gives way to the thump of falling plactic bottle. This installation is a reminder of how serious an effects plactic can have on our planet. While ‘Cycle Chalao City Bachao’ sends out a message of the urgent need of going eco-friendly while travelling, another installations points out the the hazards of noise pollution y Sumeet Sanjay Patil, which has vibrant cut outs of popular past and present film stars . Another installations has a car covered with coins. ‘Time To Change’ by 11-year-old Dev Mehta showcases a car, painted in vibrant hues as a symbol of the city that never sleeps constantly moving, changing and racing ahead. And an installation of of Mumbai’s ever-dependable dabbawallas towers over the crowd. While ‘Cycle Chalao City Bachao’ sends out a message of the urgent need of going eco-friendly while travelling, another installations points out the the hazards of noise pollution Among the many transport-themed pieces on display, this work is a call to more eco-friendly (and pimped out) modes of transport. Dhanda’ by Baaya Design this sculptural skyline of the city is meant to be a â€Å"visual pun† of sorts (the word â€Å"dhanda† means business or livelihood in Hindi). We’re seeing it as an accurate depiction of present-day Mumbai, with among other things the Bombay Stock Exchange (see the second â€Å"d†) looking down on a sea of slums. The horrific Delhi gang-rape case also found creative expression in the form of a broken doll house with newspaper reports of crimes against women. â€Å"Homogeneity in diversity â€Å"Brands have inducted homogeneity among people. And how can money not make it’s presence felt in the financial capital of the country. A popular installation, which evokes smiles and giggles from the thronging crowd, is ‘Corrupt Us’ by VikramArora. Showcasing government officials saluting a hundred rupee note fluttering above them. While on the other side there were food stalls , handmade painting stall and also a Mehendi stall. This year, like the rest of India, the Kala Ghoda Art Festival is also screaming ‘change’ and everything has been fashioned for children.

Guitar Concert Reaction Paper Essay

The guitar concert last September 7 2012 was indeed a show not to miss. It presented various styles and techniques that created a very wonderful piece of art. There were many factors that made the concert more than pleasing to the spectators that were present that night. First was the aura that the concert created, it was calm yet powerful which in my point of view really made the concert not boring or easy to fall asleep. The way the guitar, violin and the Chapman stick were played together was truly above the normal capabilities of a trained person. It was really harmonious as if the players were unconsciously playing their instruments. It was really like it was a part of their body. Next, I will focus on the three instruments present in the concert and point them out individually and their effect on the quartet. First is the violin and the violinist. The violin was a great builder of harmony in the quartet as it balances the missing pieces that the guitar and the Chapman stick was not able to provide. Considering the fact that the violin as a single instrument is already good enough, it’s incorporation with the quartet was truly heavenly. The violinist was really good and truly a master in his own rights. His solos we’re magnificent and it was like he was playing with his heart out. I think that is the secret when it comes not only when playing a violin or any other instruments but also in all art forms for it to be considered successful. Next are the guitar and the guitarist. As a guitar player I am amazed on how Sir Nobel executed not only his solos but all his performances that night. He did not strum that much but he performed a very wonderful series of plucking. The guitar piece for â€Å"The Swan† was the most wonderful part of the concert because of his resiliency in the manner of his playing. It was like he really made the guitar sound like piano it was really just magical. Lastly, the Chapman stick and Miss Clutario. It was fun to see an uncommon instrument played for public. At first I was really curious on how the instrument will sound like and after she pluck/tapped the string I felt happy and not disappointed that I attended the concert. The fact that it was a dual type of instrument is outstanding. Its ability to play both rhythm and bass was just awesome. To sum it all up my experience in the guitar concert was truly worth it. I think it should cost more than a hundred but considering the fact that I’m kind off short on money, 100 is just enough. The harmony between the three was perfect that I have chills down my spine when the quartet performed with the Chapman stick and Miss Clutarios voice so heavenly. Finally the concert is really a form of getaway for it helped me relax and forget all my problems in life.

Keeping up with the changing demands of society

Education is defined as a procedure of instruction, preparation and acquisition, to develop accomplishments and better cognition, particularly in schools ( Oxford, 2010 ) . Since the morning of human civilisation, countless minds have made efforts to reply one peculiar inquiry – â€Å" What precisely are the intents of instruction? † Overtime, it became evident to ‘Homo Sapiens ‘ that if these intents are non defined, so instruction would hold no existent importance or significance in society. Some intents of instruction do non alter harmonizing to clip, while others do. However, the root intent of instruction remains unchanged -keeping up with the ever-changing demands of society. Education has the fixed maps of consolidative and perpetuating a society ; it besides has the dynamic intents of doing feasible the changeless reclamation and growing of the establishments and civilization of a society. The modern kid goes undergoes instruction in order to larn some accomplishments that keep society operation ( Universal, 1970 ) . When these demands of the society are met, people would get down to acknowledge the values of instruction, doing it an plus for farther promotion. Hence, instruction, preparation and larning becomes an of import procedure in a individual ‘s life as he integrates into society. After the root intent of instruction has been identified, the other ‘sub-purposes ‘ like the development of personal mind and moral character, economic promotion and political facets comes into the image ( Kang, 2006 ) . In the modern epoch, the society is get downing to pay more attending to these ‘sub-purposes ‘ as the root intent is already being considered as common cognition.Purpose of Education: Civics & A ; Moral Development of SocietyCommenting on the importance of moral and municipal intrinsic worth in instruction, Confucius said, ‘To love benevolence, inventiveness, trustiness in word, candor, bravery and stiff strength, without first loving acquisition is apt to take to stupidity, divergence from the right way, destructive behaviour, dogmatism, insubordination and indiscipline severally ‘ ( Analectss, 17.8 ) . Contrary to popular beliefs, instruction is more than merely about the apprehension of constructs taught by pedagogues or geting superior accomplishments needed to progress in a knowledge-based society. PM Lee one time said there are things, other than classs that we can accomplish in school ( Lee, 2004 ) . A holistic instruction, in both academic and non-academic facets, is of import in continuing Singapore ‘s society. Ideally, Moral Education should leave values such as staying Torahs and ordinances ; a sense of societal duty ; regard for others, their rights and dignity ; patience and chumminess, among many others. ( Rwantabagu, 2010 ) . It is about educating the pupils about the ‘proper ‘ , ‘correct ‘ and socially accepted behaviour before they become fully fledged grownups – it is a procedure of dragging pupils out of their ‘frog-in-the well ‘ outlook ; they are deriving exposure, wisdom and life experiences – with the usag e of Civics & A ; Moral Education ( CME ) . Figure 1 Beginning: Ministry of Education ( MOE ) , 2007 Based on Figure 1, Singapore ‘s Civics & A ; Moral Education ( CME ) aims at the development of sets of values, whereby, pupils are expected to be able to separate between ‘right ‘ and ‘wrong ‘ , genuinely understand the significance and deductions on why a certain action is incorrect or right and do morally wise determinations ; and are responsible for their ain actions. The planning of the CME Curriculum is designed to provide to a globalized Singapore where a knowledge-based economic system is on the rise. However, despite MOE ‘s efforts to make a ‘flawless ‘ CME, the responses received had been far from promoting. Students tend to pay less attending to Moral Education for two chief grounds – they are forced to take the ‘subject ‘ and it will non impact their overall classs. Form coachs normally rush through the CME lessons and utilize the staying clip to discourse constructs for their ain lessons ( experienced by the author ) and CME Classs are normally less piquant – discoursing some moral values from books or through worksheets. If the current CME course of study continues, pupils will merely cover with jobs consistently, in conformity to values discussed in categories ; without genuinely understanding the principle behind the believing procedure involved before determination devising and perpetrating the existent action. CME ‘s defects are caused by two factors. Teachers are non equipped with the necessary accomplishments and resources to carry on prosecuting CME categories, ensuing in pupil ‘s deficiency of involvement. Furthermore, there is besides non adequate emphasize is being placed on CME – merely one or two lessons per hebdomad. Both pupils and instructors have to recognize that a bookman with no moral values is a autocrat in doing Teachers themselves have to see the importance of moral instruction in order to learn the ‘subject ‘ with passion and cultivate pupils ‘ personal character. Harmonizing to the Self-determination theory ( SDT ) of human motive and personality ( Deci & A ; Ryan, 2002 ) , if all three human demands for independency, competency and relatedness are fulfilled, one will see optimum personal growing and operation ( Wang, 2008 ) . Educators should use this theory to progress pupils ‘ cognitive development and understand how motive can be instilled in them. In order to better the state of affairs, instructors and pupils can besides supply constructive feedback to MOE ‘s course of study planning commission in order to propose prosecuting ways for pupils to cultivate good moral values while holding merriment. Schools can besides join forces with parents in pupils ‘ CME by promoting continual cultivation of moral values outside course of study hours with the su pervising and counsel from several parents. Mutual partnership between society, schools ( particularly pupils and instructors ) and households should be the way that CME should be heading towards. A society enriched with good moral values will so put a strong foundation for economic promotion chances.Purpose: Economic Promotion of Society through EducationMankind took about 1750 old ages from the beginning of civilisation to duplicate the technological cognition. By 1900, this is 150 old ages subsequently, technological cognition doubled yet once more. It took half a century ( 1900 – 1950 ) for the following doubling ; the following doubling in a decennary ( 1950 – 1960 ) and today, adult male ‘s cognition of the Universe has quadrupled during each of the past three decennaries ( Sundararajan, 1995 ) . The turning point of this technological betterment in humanity is the find of the watercourse use which brought about the Industrial Revolution. Without technological cognition being discovered and built originally through instruction ( as most of the research workers and discoverers are educated by some signifier of formal instruction ) , society will non be able to progress economically at the same astonishing rate that society has been sing. In add-on, the ancient political orientation of comparing extremely educated people as holding a bright hereafter still remains in modern society. Figures 2.1 and 2.2 ( shown below ) relate instruction degree, employment and income degree in America. Both figures show a similar tendency that as a individual progresss in his educational degree, his corresponding income additions and his employment chance additions. Predictably, the state of affairs in Singapore is no exclusion. Fig 2.1 Note: Datas are based on 2009 one-year norms for individuals age 25 and above and wages are for full-time United States employees. Taken from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bls.gov/emp/ep_chart_001.htm Fig 2.2 ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.focus.com/images/view/8740/ and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States ) Professor Neo Boon Siong, ( former Director of the Asia Competitiveness Institute at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in NUS ) explained that the chief societal policy is to make occupations. Employment is associated with instruction as higher instruction enables anyone, non sing his present state of affairs to travel up within society ( Sonny, 2009 ) . Singapore ‘s establishments teach and train their pupils with cardinal accomplishments like authorship, reading and speech production in at least two known linguistic communication. Content cognition in the assorted subjects ( from History to Economics ) can be acquired by the pupils as a manner to construct up facts and information in their head. As one advancement further up in the instruction ladder, they will likely be taught a repertory of advanced accomplishments such as, analysis, appraisal and application of cognition and effectual societal communicating. Students are besides being developed morally. Hence, pupils will be literate and equipped with the necessary ‘life-skills ‘ accomplishments, moral values and indispensable cognition in their readying for their eventual entryway into society. As a consequence, they will be expected to understand the bing jobs in his society and seek to come up with amicable solutions ; by make usage of his ‘text-book à ¢â‚¬Ëœ cognition and use them in world. As engineering progresss in Singapore, more foreign investors would construct their concern units in the state, taking to more employment which would take to a better quality of life. Due to global-shift, Singapore have been undergoing ‘postindustrial passage ‘ , switching the industries towards the Tertiary, ‘more specialized ‘ quaternate and ‘highly specialized & amp ; advanced ‘ quinary sectors. These sectors normally require an educated work force which is capable of supplying services, affecting specialized cognition, proficient accomplishments, communicating, or administrative competency ( Fellmann, 2010 ) . The presence of skilled and gifted workers with diverse abilities plays a critical function in impeling Singapore ‘s quest in get the better ofing the challenges of a knowledge-based economic system. This amplifies the importance of instruction and its intent in the economic advancement of Si ngapore. Although Singapore is a â€Å" First universe oasis in a Third universe part † ( Kluver & A ; Weber, 2003 ) , its work force should ne'er halt acquisition. Dr. Goh Keng Swee famously declared that Singapore will die if there is no economic growing. Students should be informed about the economic effects on Singapore if cognition remains dead and this outlook should be strongly emphasized in the instruction system. As such, the Ministry of Education ( Singapore ) implemented educational attacks like â€Å" Teach Less, Learn More † ( TLLM ) in order to develop pupils with a holistic instruction, developing them in an advanced manner and fiting them with of import accomplishments to last in a globalized universe ( Tan, 2007 ) . In a cognition economic system, ‘Ability Driven Education ‘ purposes to fit and fix scholars to get the better of the challenges, by taking into history their single accomplishments and endowments, and develop their potencies [ Charlene Tan, 2005, 6 ( 4 ) , 446-453 ) ] . Creativity and invention are chief fuels of a knowledge-based economic system ; hence Singapore pupils are expected to make fresh cognition from the 1s that they have already learnt ( Ng Eng Hen, 2002 ) . Based on the TLLM attack, instructors began to learn lesser content cognition and pupils are expected to research and ‘discover ‘ certain cognition through their ain researc h. However, being exam-orientated, most parents, pupils and instructors believe that hiting good classs is needed to progress further in instruction advancement and finally stand out in society – which means that a ‘paper pursuit ‘ for academic acknowledgment in society is inevitable. It resulted in most pupils being provided with tuition in order to reenforce their acquisition. Harmonizing to the Singapore Department of Statistics, approximately $ 820 million were spent on private tuition in 2008, up from $ 470 million spent in 1998 ( HARSHA, 2010 ) . During the one-year major exam period ( from Sep – November ) schools runing from Primary to the Junior Colleges offer excess ‘after school ‘ Sessionss – audiences, dark survey with instructors and ‘mock ‘ scrutiny paper for its pupils ( Jane & A ; Leow, 2010 ) . Presently, TLLM failed in accomplishing its chief end of developing a creative and believing coevals of pupils. In other words, the instruction policies are seen as ‘killing ‘ alternatively of developing a pupil ‘s creativeness as they still rely on tuition ( a pattern of spoon-feeding of cognition by coachs ) alternatively of making their ain research. Teachers continue to give tuitions on a frequent footing as they fear that pupils may non be able to get by with their progressively demanding course of study. Furthermore, pupils have to accommodate good analyzing wonts. It is besides non executable for pupils to analyze hard merely when the major scrutinies are nearing or what the Chinese say, ‘Hugging the Buddha ‘s leg at the 11th hr † . Students must be invariably fixing and upgrading themselves manner before the scrutinies ; they will be able to better develop echt involvement in the assorted Fieldss of surveies and the coveted result of Ã¢â‚¬Ë œlife-long ‘ acquisition can be achieved even after the pupil ‘s graduation. In readying for a knowledge-based economic system, pupils and instructors must construe the intent of TLLM in a similar and right way. Singapore instructors should presume a greater function and duty than of all time before and they themselves have to invariably upgrade themselves with new accomplishments and to be receptive to new cognition. Besides that, instructors have to take enterprise to construct a sure bond with pupils and utilize their pedagogical accomplishments in educating the different groups of pupils ; prosecuting them in their acquisition journey and developing pupils ‘ ego involvement for farther pursue of cognition. Self-reflection by pupils and instructors can help in holding a more constructive course of study, guaranting that larning and learning aims are met. The society has to back up and ease the development of instructors and pupils – by supplying financess for certain school undertakings like assorted instruction position classs catered for instructors and pupils in order to promote their chances in TLLM. Ultimately, it is non merely a simple affair of instruction ‘s economic impacts, but besides of animating assurance in pupils, parents, and teachers-society-that the educational attack has begun to map ( STEFANOS, 1981 ) .DecisionIn a knowledge-based economic system, every bit of import rational, moral, physical and societal facets of one ‘s full potency can be achieved ( Chen, 2000 ) . Singapore ‘s instruction system must be designed to guarantee pupils inquiry, warrant their personal actions and ground out why jurisprudence is enforced in society. Students should be given informed pick in accommodating good behaviours ; non simply following the civilization passed down from old coevals. Knowledge will go on to be accumulated, and this will decidedly take to society ‘s dynamic alterations in way. Society should ne'er stay dead because the hereafter is ever surrounded by uncertainnesss. As society continues to germinate, the educational intents must invariably be revamped in order to maintain up with the increasing demands of its milieus and remain relevant to society in the twenty-first century and beyond. ( 2150 Words )

Bio-Psychosocial Model of Health and Illness

BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS INTRODUCTION The medical model has been the predominant approach used by physicians in diagnosing and management of diseases and illness in most Western countries. The biomedical model of illness and healing focuses on purely biological factors, and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. According to this model, good health is the freedom from pain, disease, or defect. It focuses on physical processes that affect health, such as the biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of a condition.It does not account for social or psychological factors that could have a role in the illness. In this model, each illness has one underlying cause, and once that cause is removed, the patient will be healthy again, (Alloy, Jaconson,& Acocella,(1999). The bio-psychosocial model of understanding disease process arose from the context of changing conceptualisations of mind and body and the emergence of new fields of enquiry, including h ealth psychology, medical sociology, behavioural medicine and psychoneuroimmunology, Barlow,D.H. & Durand V. M. (1999). According to Engel (1977, 1980), human beings are complex systems and illness can be caused by a multitude of factors, not just a single factor such as a virus or bacteria. This is an attempts to move away from a simple linear model of health, to assess the effects of the combination of factors involved in illness, that is; biological (for example, virus & genes), psychological (for example, stress, behaviours, & beliefs) and social/environmental (for example, employment & neighbourhood).Engel (1977) argued that the best and most effective way of dealing with disease and illness is by the application of the three approaches that are related to human health. According to him the three interact in a very complex way and all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease and illness. Health is therefore better understood and managed when the th ree approaches are combined rather than handling it from a purely biomedical perspective.The biopsychosocial model of understanding diseases and illnesses is also similar to the World Health Organization’s definition of health ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ (WHO, 1946). BIOMEDICAL MODEL The biological model was the leading approach of understanding diseases and illnesses since the 19th century. It gained strength from researches in physiology and medicine that led in identification of infectious agents that cause diseases,(Maher & Maher,1985). It evolved from a Greek physician Galen’s germ theory concept of pathogens in 200 AD.He declared pathogens as the sole disease causing agents. The medical model therefore aimed at doing researches to identify all pathogens that caused diseases for the purpose of providing the right diagnoses for different diseases. For the proponents of this model, every illness is a symptom of a particular disease which has also been caused by a particular pathogen. The model also later focused on normalizing genetic related abnormalities and injuries. The model therefore focused on the physical processes such as the pathology, the biochemistry and physiology of disease and illnesses (Hoeksema, 2001).The biomedical model uses the traditional reductionist biomedical model of medicine that presumes that every disease process can be explained in terms of an underlying deviation from the normal function such as a pathogen, genetic or developmental abnormality or injury,(Sarno:1998). This argument presumes that illness is always due to abnormalities in the body's working systems. It is the basis of modern Western medical practice. It works on the theory that every bodily malfunction has an identifiable and diagnosable physiological cause that can also be managed or treated using the conventional medicine.The biomedical model tends to t ake a curative approach to illness (Price,1978). According to Sarason & Sarason, (2005). Biomedical approach focuses its attention on physical symptoms and therefore the normal physical state is a state of being whole and without any physical, mental disease and free from any pain, so that all the parts of the body can carry on their proper functions fully. According to Alloy, Jaconson, and Acocella (1999), the biomedical model compares abnormal behavior to any other disease and therefore has specific causes and specific set of symptoms.Therefore the medical model also implies that the abnormal behaviour is biogenic, that is, it results from a malfunction within the body especially the brain. This suggests that psychological symptoms are due to structural abnormalities in the brain’s neurotransmitter systems, or faulty genes. Biogenic theories of abnormal behavior have been in existence since ancient times. In the middle ages and the renaissance, they coexisted with supernatu ral theory which believed that abnormal behavior was caused by God or more often by the devil (Hoeksema, 2001).In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, religious explanations were gradually replaced by biological explanations. The newly dominant medical approach was soon strengthened by a series of important breakthroughs which was done through biomedical researches and therefore several previously unexplained behavior patterns were found to result from brain pathologies((Hoeksema, 2001). Such discoveries strengthened greatly the biogenic theory of abnormal behavior. Medicine was therefore increasingly assumed would ultimately discover the cure for ‘madness’ as it was commonly called.On this assumption, any case of mental abnormality was referred to a medical professional, (Alloy, Jaconson, Acocella,(1999). According to the proponent of this model, the abnormal behavior should best be handled by physicians in hospitals and by means of drugs and that the whole p roblem of deviant behavior should be conceptualized in medical terms such as symptoms, syndromes, pathology, mental illness, patient, diagnosis, treatment and cure,(Price,1978). EVALUATION OF THE MEDICAL MODEL STRENGTHS:The medical model introduced objectivity in the understanding and management of diseases and illnesses by applying scientific methods of research, diagnosis and treatment. The model has also given insight into the causes of some conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, an organic condition causing confusion in the elderly, (Alloy, Jaconson, Acocella, (1999). According to Sarason, & Sarason (2005), by use of the biological model, treatment is quick and, relative to alternatives, and sometimes cheap and easy to administer.It has proved to be effective in controlling serious mental illnesses like schizophrenia allowing patients who would otherwise have to remain in hospital rather than to live at home. Finally the sickness label has reduced the fear of those with mental disorders. This is because historically, they were thought to be possessed by evil spirits or the devil, majority of them especially women, who were burned as witches, (Maher, & Maher: 1985). CRITICISMS OF BIOMEDICAL MODEL One of the critics of biomedical model of mental illness was Thomas Szasz.In his book â€Å"The Myth of the Mental Illness’ (Szasz, 1961), he postulated the so called most of what was commonly referred to as mental illnesses were merely ‘problems in living’. According to him the whole concept of mental illness was a myth as it could not withstand the laid down biomedical diagnostic procedures. For Szasz, psychiatrists over-relied on social criteria rather than medical standardized procedures to diagnose mental disorders. He argued that mental assessment relied on the patient’s coping skills for example, with families, friends and social responsibilities to determine a disorder ((Szasz, 1961).Szasz argued that psychiatric diagnosis, was unlike physical diagnosis all about social judgment. According to Szasz, the ‘sick’ label also deprives people of the responsibility for their behavior and relegates them to a passive role that makes it hard for them to return to the normal behavior. After many years in the biomedical research, evidence shows there still remained many patterns of abnormal behavior for which no medical causality was identified, yet the biomedical researchers were confident that such causes were eventually to be found,(Price,1978).Biomedical model does not take into account the role of social factors or individual subjectivity in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and illnesses. The model overlooks the fact that the diagnosis (that will affect treatment of the patient) is a result of negotiation between the doctor and the patient, (Annandale,1998). Using reductionism method of both research and diagnosis in the biomedical model, the model attempts to reduce the explanations of health an d illness to the smallest possible factors.Nevertheless human beings and ill-health are not this simple. There may be a lot of different causes from social to psychological to genetic. The biomedical model is a single-factor and therefore looks for the cause, rather than a range of contributory factors, (Alloy, Jaconson, Acocella, 1999). Using biomedical model, there lacks the mind-body distinction. The mind and body are considered separately and they do not affect one another, which research has proved is not the case. Health is traditionally equated to the absence of disease.A lack of a fundamental pathology was thought to define one's health as good, whereas biologically driven pathogens and conditions would render an individual with poor health and the label â€Å"diseased†. However, such a narrow scope on health limited our understanding of wellbeing, thwarted our treatments efforts, and perhaps more importantly, suppressed preventive measures, (Sarno, 1998). PSYCHOLOGIC AL MODELS OF UNDERSTANDING TO DISEASE PROCESSES In contrast to the medical model, thoughts, feelings and behaviours affect our health and well-being.Recognition of the importance of these influences on health and disease is consistent with evolving conceptions of the interactions between the mind and the body and represents a significant change in medicine and the life sciences,( Baum & Posluszny, 1999). There are psychological theories that argues that the mind prays a pivotal role in matters related to diseases and illnesses. According such theories, disturbed or abnormal behavior for example may be explained physiologically and also psychologically.Conditions like Schiszophrenia and depression have both physiological and psychological explanations of causality and management. Some of the psychological perspectives of that deal with health and well-being of human beings are; The Psychodynamic Perspective: Psychodynamic approach to abnormal behaviour assumes that abnormal behavior arises or originates from unconscious unresolved psychological conflicts. According to Sigmund Freud(1925) behaviour is motivated by internal or psychological forces. Abnormality according to him is caused by an imbalance in the internal forces that motivate behaviour.He believed that mental illness arises from unresolved conscious conflicts, which usually occur in early childhood According to Freud, the unconscious forms about 90% of the human mind, and the remaining 10% is conscious. People are not able to access the contents of their own unconscious mind. Traumatic memories, inappropriate desires, and unresolved conflicts are buried in the unconscious mind by ego defense mechanisms such as repression. The contents of the unconscious mind for example, a childhood trauma, may still influence behaviour and this can lead to abnormality (Santrock,2007).According to psychodynamic proponents, another source of abnormality arises from extremes either from id or from the superego; Weak eg o: According to psychodynamics, the well adjusted people have a strong ego, that is, they able to cope with the demands of both the id and the superego by allowing each to express itself at appropriate times. If, however, the ego is weakened, then either the id or the superego, whichever is stronger, may dominate the personality leading to deviant behavior and neurotism.Unchecked id impulses: Freud argued that, if id impulses are unchecked they may be expressed in self-destructive and immoral behaviour. This may lead to disorders such as conduct disorders in childhood and psychopathic behaviour in adulthood. Too powerful superego: According to Freund, a superego that is too powerful, and therefore too harsh and inflexible in its moral values, will restrict the id to such an extent that the person will be deprived of even socially acceptable pleasures. According to him this would create neurosis, which could be expressed in the symptoms of anxiety disorders, such as phobias and obses sions.The Behaviourist Perspective This approach believes that behavior is learned based on reinforcement. Therefore it is sustained its consequences. Therefore the maladaptive behavior is learned through reward while it can also be relearned, (Slavin, 2003). The proponents of this model argues that deviant behavior can be managed through; Shaping: This involves guiding behavior toward goals by reinforcing the many steps that lead to success. Extinction: This approach involves removing reinforcers from previously learned behavior until the behavior disappears.Extinction burst: This process involves the increase in levels of behavior in the early stages of extinction. Positive reinforcement: This a technique of sustaining a desired behavior for example, applying praise after doing something desirable. Negative reinforcement: this is a technique of escaping from an unpleasant or a way of preventing unpleasant behavior from occurring. Punishment – consequences that weaken behavi or; punishment like reinforcement is in the eye of the receiver and the impact on behavior, (Slavin, 2003). Cognitive Theoretical Model:The cognitive perspective maintains that peoples’ way of interpreting situations determine their emotional and behavioral symptoms,(Hoeksema, 2001). Abnormal behavior is a product of negative or erroneous thinking and perception about oneself and of the environment. The proponents of this theory argue that the human being is not a passive organism, but is capable of processing information and comprehend the relationship between cause and effect. According to Beck (1921), maladaptive behavior may result from faulty or distorted interpretation of the reality.Therefore false or negative view of the world can easily lead to illness or abnormal behavior. For example, a negative view of oneself can lead to negative interpretation and negative expectations of the future. These negative belief systems and erroneous view of the world can lead to depre ssion, (Halligan,& Aylward,(Eds. ) 2006). Accord to Albert Ellis (1959), the goal of cognitive therapy is to help people change their irrational beliefs into rational beliefs. This is done by the therapist creating insights in a person’s mind through the process of disputing the client's irrational beliefs, (Santrock,2007).Humanist Model of Abnormal Behaviour According to the humanistic approach and existentialists theories, symptoms of abnormal behavior arise when people are not allowed to pursue their full potential and instead they are made or try to conform to others wishes,(Hoeksema,(2001). According to Carl Rogers, â€Å"The organism has one basic tendency and striving: to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism† (Rogers, 1951). According to him, abnormal behavior can be managed through working to remove incongruences, defense mechanisms, and developing positive personal self-regard.SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACHES Interpersonal theorists focus on the role of interpersonal relationships in shaping normal and abnormal behavior. Family system theorists suggests that abnormality among individual family members is the result of dysfunctional patterns of interaction within families that encourage and maintain psychopathology,(Hoeksema,2001). Social structural theorists on the other hand focus on the influence of structural factors in the environment and cultures on individuals’ behavior, (Barlow & Durand,1999). The Role of Psychological State in health mattersCurrent psychological researches especially in the field of Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), indicate that psychological state can influence the body immunity through the nervous system. The studies suggest that, not only can psychological state influence health, but beliefs may also influence health directly. In particular, research has focused on the capacity of psychological factors (such as mood, thought suppression and stress) to modify immune functioning,(Ogden, 2004). A ccording to various studies, positive mood is associated with better immune functioning, whereas negative mood is associated with poorer immune functioning (Stone et al. 1987). Humour appears to be particularly beneficial (Dillon, Minchoff & Baker, 1985). Certain coping styles (such as suppression and denial) may relate to illness onset and progression (e. g. Kune et al. , 1991), while thought expression through writing or disclosure groups may improve immune functioning,(Pennebaker et al. , 1988; Petrie, Booth & Pennebaker, 1998). Kiecolt-Glaser and Glaser (1986) argued that stress causes a decrease in the hormones produced to fight carcinogens (factors that cause cancer) and repair DNA.In particular, cortisol decreases the number of active T cells, which can increase the rate of tumour development. This suggests that experiencing stress while being ill could exacerbate the illness through physiological changes. So if the illness itself is appraised as being stressful, this itself may be damaging to the chances of recovery. According to Ogden (2000), chronic illnesses, such as asthma, AIDS, cancer, coronary heart disease and multiple sclerosis, are another important areas of health that research indicates that psychological factors play important role.Coronary heart disease (CHD) for example, is caused by hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis), which are narrowed by fatty deposits. This can result in angina (pain) or a heart attack (myocardial infarction). CHD is responsible for 33 per cent of deaths in men under 65 and 28 per cent of all deaths. It is the leading cause of death in the UK, killing 4300 men and 2721 women per million in 1992. It has been estimated that CHD cost the National Health Service in the UK about ? 390 million in 1985/86, (Ogden, 2000).Many risk factors for chronic heart disease which are modifiable have been identified, for example, smoking, alcohol, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, perceived work stress and high blood pressure. Acc ording to Friedman and Rosenman (1959,’78) type A behaviour is characterized by excessive competitiveness, vigour, energy, alertness, confidence, loud speaking, rapid speaking, tense clipped speech, impatience, hostility, interrupting, frequent use of the word ‘never’ and frequent use of the word ‘absolutely’, In the 1980s Karasek developed a job demand/job control model of stress.He proposed the ‘job demand control hypothesis’, whose aim was to reduce job strain. According to Karasek and Theorell, (1990), there are two aspects of job strain; job demands and job autonomy (which reflects the person’s control over the speed or the nature of decisions made within the job). Karasek’s hypothesis suggests that high job demands and low job autonomy predict CHD. He later in his included the concept of social support, which he defined in terms of emotional support (trust and social cohesion between co-workers) and instrumental socia l support (the provision of extra resources and assistance).All the above conditions involve in their therapy psychological related techniques that includes; exercises, behavior modifications and cognitive therapies. A Multi Perspective Approach to Disease and Illnesses The model recognizes four systems centered on the person; organs, the whole person, behaviour, and social role function. It also considers the four contextual factors that influence these systems, that is; personal factors, physical environment, social environment, and time.This model also draws attention to two important components of any holistic model of health, choice (free-will) and quality of life, (McKeown,1979), This approach advocates the importance of looking at health and human behavior from scientific, psychological and social cultural approach. According to this model abnormal behavior is therefore effectively dealt with from these three points of view. Psychologically the unobservable events of the mind , such as attitudes, memories, and desires are unquestionably involved in most of psychopathology(Alloy, Jacobson &acocella,1999).According to Ndetei(2006), Culture and religion also play an important role in the development and management of psychopathology. Over the last century, health behaviours have played an increasingly important role in health and illness. This relationship has been highlighted by McKeown’s book, The Role of Medicine (1979), which discusses the decline of infectious diseases in the nineteenth century, which forms the focus for medical sociology. It also highlights the increasing role of behavior in illness in the twentieth century.The commonly held view is that the decline in illnesses such as TB, measles, smallpox and whooping cough was related to the development of medical interventions such as chemotherapy and vaccinations. But McKeown showed that the decline in infectious diseases had already begun, before the development of medical interventions. He claimed that, looking back over the past three centuries, this decline is best understood in terms of social and environmental factors. McKeown also examined health and illness throughout the twentieth century.He argued that contemporary illness is caused by an individual’s own behaviours, such as whether they smoke, what they eat and how much exercise they take, and he suggested that good health was dependent on tackling these habits. It has been suggested that 50 per cent of mortality from the ten leading causes of death is due to behaviour. If this is correct, then behaviour and lifestyle have a potentially major effect on longevity. For example, Doll and Peto (1981) estimated that tobacco consumption accounts for 30 per cent of all cancer deaths, alcohol 3 per cent, diet 35 per cent, and reproductive and sexual behaviour 7 per cent.Approximately 75 per cent of all deaths due to cancer are related to behaviour. More specifically, lung cancer (the most common form) acco unts for 36 per cent of all cancer deaths in men and 15 per cent in women in the UK. It has been calculated that 90 per cent of all lung cancer mortality is attributable to cigarette smoking, which is also linked to other illnesses such as cancers of the bladder, pancreas, mouth, larynx and oesophagus, and to coronary heart disease.And bowel cancer, which accounts for 11 per cent of all cancer deaths in men and 14 per cent in women, appears to be linked to diets high in total fat, high in meat and low in fibre, Doll and Peto (1981). In summary The proponents of the biopsychosocial model argue that the biomedical model alone does not take into account all of the factors that have an impact on a patient's health. Biological issues, as well as psychological factors such as a patient's mood, occupation, intelligence, memory, level of education and perceptions are all considered when making a diagnosis.The biomedical approach may not, for example, take into account the role sociological factors like family, social class, or a patient's environment may have on causing a health condition, and thus offer little insight into how illness may be prevented. A patient who complains of symptoms that have no obvious objective cause might also be dismissed as not being ill, despite the very real effect those symptoms may have on the patient's daily life.The biopsychosocial model of understanding disease process accomplished a milestone that brought about a dramatic shift in focus from disease to health, recognizing that psychosocial factors (for example; beliefs, relationships, and stress) greatly impact recovery, the progression of and recuperation from illness and disease. While the traditional biomedical models of clinical medicine focused on pathophysiology and other biological approaches to disease, the biopsychosocial approach emphasize the importance of understanding human health and illness in their fullest contexts. CONCLUTION:This model recognizes human beings as co mplex systems and illness can be caused by a multitude of factors, not just a single factor such as a virus or bacteria. Biopsychosocial model therefore attempts to move away from a simple linear model of health and looks at the combination of factors involved in illness; biological (for example, a virus), psychological (for example, behaviours, beliefs) and social (for example, employment). Since in biopsychosocial model , illness is regarded as the result of a combination of factors, the individual is no longer simply seen as a passive victim of some external force, such as a virus.Acknowledging the role of behaviours such as smoking, diet, exercises and alcohol, for example, means that the individual may be held responsible for their health and illness. From this perspective, health and illness exist on a continuum. Rather than being either healthy or ill, individuals progress along a continuum from healthiness to illness and back again. The biopsychosocial model of understanding disease process maintains that the mind and body interact, and therefore it considers psychological factors as not only possible consequences of illness but as contributing to all the stages of health, from being healthy to being illness.Current Application of Biopsychosocial Model: The biopsychosocial model of illness seems to be a significant advance upon the biomedical model of illness. It has been used as the basis of a system for classification of various aspects of illnesses as found in various diagnostic tools for example, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM), and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases. The apply the biopsychosocial model of diagnosing diseases and illnesses and have therefore become the international criteria for mental illness.REFERENCES 1. Alloy, L. B. , Jaconson,N. S. , Acocella,J. (1999). Abnormal Psychology: Current Perspectives (8th. ed). Boston: Mcgraw-Hill . 2. Barlow,D. H. & Durand V. M. ,(1999). Abnormal Psy chology: An Integrative Aproach. Boston:Core Publishing House. 3. Baum, A. & Posluszny, M. D. ,(1999). Health psychology: Mapping biobehavioral contributions to health and illness. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 137–163. 4. Bruns D, Disorbio J. M. , (2006). Chronic Pain and Biopsychosocial Disorders. Practical Pain Management, March, volume 6, issue 2. 5. DiMatteo, M.R. , Haskard, K. 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